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Her father was crowned King George VI in , taking on the name George to emphasize continuity with his father. Elizabeth had assumed the responsibilities of the ruling monarch on February 6, , when her father, King George VI, died. For the first time ever, the coronation ceremony was broadcast on television, allowing people from across the globe to witness the pomp and spectacle of the event. Elizabeth married her distant cousin Philip Mountbatten a surname adopted from his mother's side on November 20, , at London's Westminster Abbey.
Elizabeth first met Philip, son of Prince Andrew of Greece, when she was only She was smitten with him from the start. The two kept in touch over the years and eventually fell in love. They made an unusual pair. Elizabeth was quiet and reserved while Philip was boisterous and outspoken. Her father, King George VI, was hesitant about the match because, while Mountbatten had ties to both the Danish and Greek royal families, he didn't possess great wealth and was considered by some to have a rough personality.
At the time of their wedding, Great Britain was still recovering from the ravages of World War II, and Elizabeth collected clothing coupons to get fabric for her gown. The family took on the name Windsor, a move pushed by her mother and Prime Minister Winston Churchill which caused tension with her husband.
In , she reversed course, issuing orders that her descendants who did not carry royal titles or needed last names for legal purposes such as weddings would use the surname Mountbatten-Windsor. Over the years, Philip inspired numerous public relations headaches with his off-the-cuff, controversial comments and rumors of possible infidelities. Elizabeth and Philip wasted no time in producing an heir: Son Charles was born in , the year after their wedding, and daughter Anne arrived in Elizabeth had two more children — sons Andrew and Edward — in and , respectively.
In , she officially made Charles her successor by granting him the title of Prince of Wales. Hundreds of millions of people tuned in to see the ceremony on television. In year-old Charles wed year-old Diana Spencer best known as Princess Diana , with later rumors surfacing that he was pressured into the marriage from his family. The wedding drew enormous crowds in the streets of London and millions watched the proceedings on television. Public opinion of the monarchy was especially strong at that time.
Elizabeth has emerged as a devoted grandmother to William and Harry. Prince William has said that she offered invaluable support and guidance as he and Kate Middleton planned their wedding. She is also a great-grandmother to Her mother was Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon.
Elizabeth has ties with most of the monarchs in Europe. Elizabeth's long and mainly peaceful reign has been marked by vast changes in her people's lives, in her country's power, how Britain is viewed abroad and how the monarchy is regarded and portrayed.
As a constitutional monarch, Elizabeth does not weigh in on political matters, nor does she reveal her political views. However, she confers regularly with her prime ministers. When Elizabeth became queen, post-war Britain still had a substantial empire, dominions and dependencies.
However, during the s and s, many of these possessions achieved independence and the British Empire evolved into the Commonwealth of Nations. Elizabeth II has thus made visits to other countries as head of the Commonwealth and a representative of Britain, including a groundbreaking trip to Germany in She became the first British monarch to make a state visit there in more than five decades.
During the s and s, Elizabeth continued to travel extensively. More than a week later she was in Montreal, Canada, to open the Summer Olympics. Britain went to war with Argentina over the Falkland Islands, a clash that lasted for several weeks. While more than British soldiers died in the conflict, Prince Andrew returned home safe and well, much to his mother's relief.
In , Elizabeth showed that the crown still had symbolic and diplomatic power when she became the first British monarch to visit the Republic of Ireland since when all of Ireland was still part of the United Kingdom. As queen, Elizabeth has modernized the monarchy, dropping some of its formalities and making certain sites and treasures more accessible to the public.
As Britain and other nations struggled financially, Britain abolished the Civil List in , which was a public funding system of the monarchy dating back roughly years.
The royal family continues to receive some government support, but the queen has had to cut back on spending.
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